Criminal Law for Criminal Code Act- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theCriminal Law for Criminal Code Act. Answer: Presentation For the most part, singular culpability shows the earnestness of an offense, wherein culpability implies the conditions, expectations or intentions of the wrongdoers, for which they are at risk as indicated by the degree of seriousness[1]. The primary target of this paper is to assess whether s323 (1) (d) of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) or the s 8(1) of the Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT) most emotionally addresses the individual obligation/coerce in a joint criminal endeavor. Consequently, this exploration paper consolidates contemplated contentions for the laws of both the purviews dependent on the joint endeavor of the criminal offenses. Conversation So as to basically assess the two purviews, essential comprehension of the inversion of the onus of evidence must be finished. The Australian law, which was acquired from British, expressed that until an individual is demonstrated blameworthy from the perspective of law, he/she should be viewed as guiltless. There are sure offenses that falls under the guidelines passed by the administration of Australia and those individual blamed with these violations needs to demonstrate his/her honesty, which is known as the onus of verification inversion. The explanation is that, rather than the indictment demonstrating the offense of the individual charged, the guiltlessness must be demonstrated, for example, regarded for the flexibly of medications, products in guardianship, proposed dissenting, unexplained riches and such different cases the same. Be that as it may, inversion of onus of verification is substantial in different cases anyway there are special cases as well[2]. With regards to the area 323(1)(d) of Crimes Act 1958 (Vic), the demonstration depends on the condition that if an individual goes into an understanding or a joint endeavor with others intentionally planning to carry out an offense, will be considered as associated with the offense charged[3]. Though, according to Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT), area 8(1) states that, the guilty party while having basic motivation behind indictment will not be esteemed for discipline under the disdain of court just as under the code for the equivalent act[4]. For example, there might be purposeful or foolish wounds that might be brought about by the guilty parties and in like manner indicted particularly if there are any genuine wounds according to a people goals possessing to most extreme degree of punishment. On account of R v Secretary, undermining words was considered as proceeding with attack and as needs be was esteemed subject for the separate discipline under the act[5]. End Along these lines, it very well may be reasoned that most definitely, regardless of with which level of aim he/she had submitted an offense with the coordinated effort of others, every single part will be similarly at risk. Consequently, the inversion of onus of confirmation and the individual culpability as for Criminal Code Act 1983 and Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) were clear with the case situations. Therefore, it tends to be opined that Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) best tended to singular culpability on account of any shared offenses or joint endeavors. List of sources Ashworth, Andrew, Sentencing and Criminal Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2010) Lanham, D, et al, Criminal Laws in Australia (Federation Press, 2006) Others FALM, Crimes Act 1958 - Sect 323, Victorian Current Acts, https://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ca195882/s323.html. FALM, Criminal Code Act - Sect 8 scorn of court, Northern Territory Consolidated Acts, https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-container/viewdoc/au/legis/nt/consol_act/cca115/s8.html. Nedim, U, Guilty until demonstrated blameless: Is it reasonable for switch the onus of confirmation? NSW Courts, (7 April, 2015) https://nswcourts.com.au/articles/blameworthy until-demonstrated guiltless is-it-reasonable for turn around the-onus-of-evidence/. 06) 73.

A Dialogue Over Marijuana And Its Characteristics Assignment

A Dialog Over Marijuana And Its Characteristics - Assignment Example So I arrived at my study hall, drew a weed leaf, for class 11 understudies they thought in their present undertakings class they would talk about science. Be that as it may, they were before long refuted to their articulate amazement. I stood firm to the ground and brought up the accompanying issue to the understudies: â€Å"Who here feels that Marijuana ought to be sanctioned in Europe and the remainder of the world†? A significant number of them didn't have the foggiest idea what I was discussing, so I clarified the herb and its attributes. As every other person would have thought, they arrived at the determination this was a medication and they better avoid it. Which was the point fundamentally. Nonetheless, very of a couple of them needed to think about it more and needed to attempt it under the steady gaze of making any decisions about it. One child posed the conspicuous inquiry which was going to come up at some point or another. â€Å"Is it our entitlement to smoke Marijuana?† All things considered, that question took me back to the different contentions and encounters I have had with individuals over the lawful option to smoke Marijuana. ... I told my understudies that opportunity consistently includes some significant downfalls. In the event that you are happy to address the cost, at that point you can feel free to appreciate the opportunity. In any case, it is appropriate to take note of that individuals in my group were hesitant to scrutinize the framework as it remained there. Very few of them truly felt that it merited the investing energy. That is to say, for what reason would anybody need to enjoy a criminal behavior of smoking pot when one realizes that he can be captured for this? Very few were happy to make th strides and I don’t accuse them. Contemplation: The motivation behind why I talked about maryjane is impossible to miss to what I believe is the genuine estimation of opportunity. In today’s world there are many radicals out there. Relatively few peple aer prepared to address he framework and the individuals who do have no understanding or expect to arrive at some place. Weed is for quite so me time been known as a recreational medication. It isn't generally a medication, however a progressively recreational medication which was utilized copiously in medieval India. Individuals in India like sadhus and holy people used to smoke this leaf again and again and determined incredible joy out of this. They were amazingly savvy and were consistently in front of their occasions, not on the grounds that they smoked pot, but since they were intrinsically similar to this and it launch them to smoking pot for recreational utilization. The incongruity has become now that the USA whose belief system was established by men who smoked pot wound up restricting a similar medication. They were not prepared to permit its reality, generally in light of the fact that around then because of the outer mechanical powers smoking maryjane had just become an unlawful and no-no activity. Response: As an educator I am consistently watching out for understudies that have the skill to take care of the ir present so as to improve their future and use the best of each

So the rest of your decisions are coming in

So the rest of your decisions are coming in Ahhh, yes. I know this time of year. Left and right you have tiny pansies sprouting up from the earth and cherry blossoms sprinkling their petals. Baby bunnies hopping around gleefully at your feet. The smell of fresh sweat and tears exuded by seniors everywhere in the midst of their college decisions being sent to their inboxes. Such a beautiful season. If you’re like 92% of kids who applied to MIT, then you probably didn’t get in. And if you’re like most every regular action college applicant, regardless of admission or non-admission to the Institute, you probably applied to other schools that are spewing their judgments at you all of this week and next. I remember this week in late March as a very scary time, especially since so many MIT applicants also apply to the slew of top schools that all tend to release within several days of each other. At this point, their decisions are real enough to be on your mind, but not all real enough to yet be materialized as a concrete “you’re in!” or “we regret to inform you” (or perhaps the demoralizing “wait a few months for an actual decision”) on your screen. So you wait a bit longer. That’s all you can do. Now, I could go on and on about how “well, you’ll be happy wherever you go!” and “a decision doesn’t define your worth as a person,” and “hun, you’ll do amazing things anyway.” I can show you all the world’s examples of people who faced rejection and subsequently found greatness. I can aggressively remind you of how awesome a person you are, and how the fact that you applied to these great schools says a lot about your impending success at whatever you choose to do. Because, you know, it does, and you are, and you most definitely will lead an amazing life despite the absolute absurdity of the US college admissions process. But youve heard all of that already, and you might rationally already know it. Your anxieties arent miraculously cured. How many times have you been reminded of each one of these little sentiments? How many teachers and guidance counselors have advised you that you just need to have a positive attitude (because you had no idea) and that you’re just a bright beautiful shining star with “great things ahead of you?” And what right do I a girl who lucked out in the process and is currently attending her dream school have to tell you to essentially calm down, because it really isn’t that bad? I’ll give you an analogy: MIT is, as I’m sure you know, hard. A lot of people struggle here scratch that everyone struggles here to at least some degree. Just recently, a friend of mine was having a particularly struggle-ridden afternoon with a class intended for students with a lot more “mathematical maturity” than he had previously developed. He was ranting to me about how stressed the workload was making him, and so I started: “Well, we both know you’re insanely smart, and the fact is that everyone else in this class comes from a fuller math background, and it’s not you..” “I know!! I mean, sorry, but I know I’m less experienced, but knowing that doesn’t help me in any way right now.” “Oh, well, you’re working so hard, and you’ll end up learning a lot and feeling good afterwards…” “Look, yeah, I get you’re trying to make me feel better, but the fact is that I have 8 hours straight of work ahead of me if I want to submit this by the deadline, and it feels horrible, and I’m exhausted…” And like so, he continued to vent his frustrations until he was satisfied enough to embark on the eight-hour grind. I realized the error in my well-meaning attempts at subduing his distress; that I could do the most good by just shutting up and listening rather than discounting his concerns. Hard feelings should be validated, not suppressed, and sometimes “ah, that really sucks, dude,” is the only appropriate thing to say. So, while I know you will most definitely end up happy, that doesn’t change the fact that the window of time right before most decisions are released (and possibly after you’ve been denied from one of your top schools already) can be stressful beyond belief, and I think we should talk about it in a more open way. Sound good? I’ll start. I remember starting my applications in September of my senior year after I’d gone to Cambridge for a several-day visiting program at MIT. I succumbed to the emotionally devastating trap of falling in love with one particular school, and invested hours a day into what was clearly a dysfunctional relationship. By December, I became obsessed with those College Confidential threads that show stats for students who got in (horrible, horrible habit, would not recommend). I stalked through the MIT tag on Tumblr to learn everything I could about the lives of its students. I read the admissions blogs like the Holy Bible under a vague superstition that my devotion would render me “worthy” on the rapture of decision day; I had been vomiting occasionally from nervousness by the time that week arrived. One of the things I can most clearly recall from that time period is habitual daydreaming about acceptance. I would fantasize about how I would tell my family the news, the kind of status I would write on Facebook, the color pom-pom I would use to top my party hat in the resulting celebration (green, definitely green). And then I would wake up from the fantasy and feel a strong dysphoric sense of “oh wait, 92%.” Oh wait, my grades could have been better, scores could have been higher, why am I being stupid and even considering the possibility of acceptance, this is silly, I’m nowhere near good enough… something something, dangerous thought patterns leading to feelings of inadequacy and distress. It felt impossible not to dwell. And then there was the simple stress of not knowing. It’s like you’re sitting in the medical exam room going “what’s the prognosis, doc?” but the doctor can’t tell you for another week, because they’re not finished testing your blood for the rare strain of Ebola that they think you might have. Or alternatively, say your teacher is still grading that really important test that defines your entire grade, so it’ll be a few more days before you can see how you did. Did you pass? Did you screw up the question on honeybee mating habits as badly as you thought you might have? The uncertainty, in itself, is psychologically agonizing. Patience is a rare virtue. I should probably mention that I’m not entirely sure how normal my experience was, since I went to a high school full of hyper-motivated students with dreams of HYPSM. Perhaps I wouldn’t have been so stressed out had I not been surrounded with a network of anxious friends. Yet, I do consider myself lucky to have had a group of people to rely on when the waiting game was too difficult to play alone. And among my peers, I certainly didn’t have the worst case of it, as too many of my fellow applicants had to deal with the added fear of their parents’ reactions to a rejection the notion that respect within their family and community was at least partially contingent upon an Ivy acceptance. I don’t see how any amount of “you’ll be happy at any college” could quell that type of burden. When Pi Day came around, many of these peers were subjected to Stu Schmill’s “sorry” and well wishes. I remember one friend recounting how hard he had worked in high school and trying to understand his decision in terms of where he fell short: “was I not unique enough?” and “should I have worked harder?” to which I firmly insisted “no.” Although my classmates not admitted were among the most intelligent, genuinely good people I had ever known, the suspicion that your rejection corresponds to an academic or personal shortcoming can be naturally difficult to ignore. No amount of reassurance can avert all insecurity, and the resulting self-doubt can be stressful and damaging. So went those few weeks. As for the time preceding other “big” decision dates I can’t say I had to deal with any regular applications myself, so perhaps it’s not my place to elaborate. I can only attest to all the nerves surrounding me, especially in those students who had aspired to study at the best universities since before they could fully understand what that entailed. Of course, there were also the kids who went about it without appearing the least bit perturbed, which is just impressive, and awesome. That kind of positivity is what I aspire to be, though easier said than done. Anyway, you guys, I hope I didn’t freak you out even more. I’m not trying to imply that you should be dying over decisions, but I wanted to point out that in my experience, it was a lot more difficult to handle than people generally talk about. It seems that we expend so much energy to counter the fears you might have which is necessary and good but rarely take a step back and validate all the bad feelings that quietly exist. Ill say it: the admissions process is terrifying! Both rejection and the prospect of rejection feel awful, and a positive attitude isn’t a cure for every bit of anxiety you might have over it. Let’s talk about these feelings more honestly, and more often.

The Business World Is More Challenging - 1584 Words

To say the truth the business world is more challenging. To assess the purpose the business it should be noted that we can say that the profit must come in the first array and in some special cases the benefit to the society also has come as a major why the business is doing in the current world. If we wish to make analysis the environment of the business then the industry in which the business is operating must be given preference as well as the risk the business is having in the current time being. 1 Task-2 1.1 How the different economic system affects the effective allocation of the resources Command economy: At first we will discuss regarding the command economy. Actually command economy refers to any such type of economic system where the government holds the authority of the major decisions such as how much to be produced, the price quotation for the produced goods and the quality of the produced goods in some extent also. So it is necessary to discuss how it will affect the Trio and other business organization. To say we can illustrate that here the company will not have the option to produce as its best wish rather than the government has (Piveronus, 2006). On the other hand the company has not the right to fix the price quotation rather it may be lower due to the government intervention on the company. The company cannot have the optimum quality production as the price charge may not come up with the said price. Market competition may be high. There is a littleShow MoreRelatedMy Statement of Purpose: Financial Engineering677 Words   |  3 Pagescomplex business pr oblems while also creating software applications that scale to the most complex, large scale enterprises is a passion that drove me to excel in computer science. 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Wedding Speech - Original Writing - 1223 Words

â€Å"Beep! Beep! Beep!† My alarm clock only had to ring three times for me to turn it off and hop out of bed that morning. The day before I had hit snooze twice refusing to get up, but today was different, it held a special purpose. I pulled on my bathing suit, a pair of shorts, and a hoodie, and ran down the steps into the kitchen. My mom was in her usual morning spot, in a big white chair off the kitchen with her bible open, and her reading glasses on. On the table were two pieces of cinnamon toast on a napkin for me she had prepared. My dad was standing at the sink filling two water bottles, and was wearing his favorite green Patagonia board shorts. â€Å"Ready to go?† my dad smiled. â€Å"Yep!† I replied. â€Å"Don’t forget your toast! I love you! Have†¦show more content†¦Plus, we were so excited to surf that we didn’t think much of it. The Dingees played through the speakers, a nineties ska band that my dad loved. Even though I didn’t know exactly what the lead singer was saying, I loved it because that’s what he always played whenever we went to the beach. The sun beamed through the clouds and down on the city as we drove over the thirty-fourth street bridge, and made its way into our eyes forcing us to put down our sun visors. My favorite kind of days were Daddy and Kate kind of days, especially the ones like these. The days when we woke up early to go surfing with hot chocolate in hand, waves on our mind, and pure stoke in our souls. To me, no other day could compare to days like these. We took small sips out of our cardboard cups, and giggled with each other at stupid stuff on the way. There was always something to laugh at when I was with him, whether it was a silly dad-joke or a game he had made up. This time, we were making up phrases after the letters on the license plates of whatever car was in front of ours. â€Å"4 FAHL. What could that stand for?† we thought for a minute. â€Å"Four farting aliens having lunch!† he blurted out. We laughed like crazy, and made up more all the way through Ocean City. Our home beach was fifty-ninth street, but the waves were supposed to be better in Strathmere, so we decided to try something new. As we drove past our beach and over the bridge into Strathmere, I was in awe of a

Exams Essasys Free Essays

Centre Number Surname Other Names Candidate Signature Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use Examiner’s Initials Question Mark General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier January 2012 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL English/English Language Unit 1 Tuesday 10 January 2012 9. 00 am to 11. 15 am ENG1H Understanding and producing non-fiction texts H For this paper you must have: Sources 1, 2 and 3 which are provided as a loose insert inside this question paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Exams Essasys or any similar topic only for you Order Now Time allowed ? 2 hours and 15 minutes Instructions ? Answer all questions. ? Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. ? You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box around each page or on blank pages. ? Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. ? You must refer to the insert booklet provided. ? You must not use a dictionary. Information ? The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 80. ? There are 40 marks for Section A and 40 marks for Section B. ? You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. There is one insert inside this question paper. Sources 1, 2 and 3 are printed on the insert. ? You will be assessed on the quality of your reading in Section A. ? You will be assessed on the quality of your writing in Section B. Advice ? Before you start writing read through all six of the que stions you have to answer and the three reading sources. ? You are advised to spend about one hour on Section A and about one hour on Section B. (JAN12ENG1H01) M/Jan12/ENG1H ENG1H 2 Section A: Reading Answer all questions in this section. You are advised to spend about one hour on this section. Do not write outside the box Read Source 1, the online newspaper article called Britain’s big problem with water by Geoffrey Lean. 1 What do you learn from Geoffrey Lean’s article about the issues of rainfall and flooding (8 marks) in Britain? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ 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Turn over? ____ 8 (05) M/Jan12/ENG1H 6 Now read Source 3, Ferry across the lake, which is an extract from a non-fiction book. 3 Explain some of the thoughts and feelings Christopher Ondaatje has about his (8 marks) experience of Lake Victoria. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 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Taxation V Hunger Project Australia

Question: Discuss about theTaxationfor V Hunger Project Australia. Answer: Commissioner of Taxation V Hunger Project Australia (2014) FCAFC 69 Introduction The decision taken by the Federal court in the recent case of Hunger Project Australia is very important for the not for profit sectors and charity. The decision is important because it challenges the idea that it is important for an organization to provide direct relief and services in order to be considered as an institution for public benevolent. The status of Public benevolent Institution brings various types of benefits, particularly employees under the provision of the FBT and to the organization for deductible receipt of gifts. This case have provided opportunity to various organization that have not been recognized as PBI by the ATO because it does not provide direct relief (Saad 2014). Case Introduction/ Background The Hunger Project Australia is a business that is limited by guarantee. The objective of the company is to provide relief in sickness, poverty, helplessness and destitutions. In the developing world the work is primarily conducted. This organization is the part of the global project The Hunger Project. The HPA is engaged in wide range of activities but the most substantial activity carried out by them is that of raising funds. Though there are some activities carried out by them but it is considered as negligible (Hurley 2014). In this case, question before the Federal Court was to decide whether The Hunger Project be considered as a Public Benevolent institution. It was argued by the ATO that the HPA could not be regarded as PBI because there is lack of directness in the activity of the HPA. The argument provided by the Hunger Project Australia was that the requirement of directness was wrongfully read in the context of Public Benevolent institution. There is no definition provided in the legislation therefore without the proper basis of law if an organization raises funds for chartable purpose then that organization can be regarded as PBI (Friezer and Wu 2014). Legislations In this case, various legislations have been referred the list of which is below: Estate Duty Assessment Act 1914-1928; Fringe benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986; Income Tax Assessment Act 1997; Pay roll Tax Act 1971; and Tax Administration Act 1953; Section Breached The section 57A (1) of the FBT Act, states that if the employer is a public benevolent institution as per section 123C (1) or (5). Then in such case, the benefit provided by the employer to employee is an exempted benefit. The section 57A (2) further provides that the employer should be the government body and the duty of the employees should be in connection with the public hospital (Naik and Kohn 2013). The section 57A (3) states that in this case the benefit provided by the employer to the employee is an exempted benefit. The condition is that the employer should be a public hospital or the employer is engaged in the service related to public ambulance (Murray and Martin 2015). The section 123C (1) of the FBTA Act provides that the commissioner is obliged to endorse the entity as a Public Benevolent Institution if the body has applied for the endorsement. The section 123C (2) states that an entity can be endorsed if it is a public benevolent institution that has a Australian Business Number (ABN) and the employer is not engaged in the step two of as provided in the method statement (Bell 2013). In this case the issue is to determine if the entity is a public benevolent institution as per section 123C (2) of the FBTA Act. It should be not that there is no definition of the public benevolent institution is provided in the FBTA Act (Sharkey and Murray 2015). Analysis of the Decision The discussion above shows that the issue before the court is to determine if the entity can be regarded as a public benevolent institution if it is not directly related in providing relief to those in needs. The court has analyzed the meaning of the term PBI in the different statutory backgrounds (Marks 2013). The principal authorities reflected by the court in this case are: Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd V Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1931); Australian Council of Social Service Inc V Commissioner of Payroll tax (NSW); Commissioner of Taxation V Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; and Commissioner of Pay roll Tax V Cairnmillar Institute (1990); The court found that the authorities mentioned above supports the proposition that ordinary meaning should be given to the expression Public benevolent institutions. The ordinary meaning is not clear whether the requirement includes that the relief is to be provided directly by the entity. The court was expressing the meaning of PBI on the argument provided by the commissioner that the entities should provide relief directly to be considered as a PBI (Hurley 2014). The argument provided by the commissioner includes history of the statutory expression and the consideration of the authority. The commissioner on appeal provided the same argument but the court was not satisfied with the argument that an institution cannot be a PBI if it does not provide relief directly. The court on the other hand established that there is at least one primary reason for refusing the obligation of direct relief by the company. The good reason was found in the judgment of the case of the High Court in Federal Commissioner of Taxation V Word investment (2008). In the circumstance of Word Investments, the main concern is to determine if the entity in question is a charitable institution (Norbury 2014). In this, case the entity accepted the deposit from the people for that it has paid low or no interest. These funds were then used by the entity for commercial activity for making profits. The company to perform charitable activities in overseas used the profits. The High court rejected the argument of the commissioner that the organization was not an institution for charity (Hedlund 2016). The court reasoned that it would not be proper to distinguish between the companies based on whether the company is paying other company for charity or the company has other division t hat is engaged in the charitable activity. The court in the situation of Word Investments found that the argument of the commissioner not correct and rejected the appeal of the commissioner. The commissioners submissions related to the statutory context are presumed to be at worst misconceived and best unpersuasive. Under section 41 the reliance on the subsection 8 (5) has been seen to be difficult in terms of following a different tax regime. It has been further seen to be difficult to observe the terms different way of acting with varying tax regime (Saad 2014). This is directly related to the fact which has been stated in the year 1928 and is further seen to be considered for the exempt from the estate duty, inter alia, a public benevolent institution and a fund established and maintained for providing money for the use of such institutions. It has does not take into consideration the general understanding of a public compassionate institutions for the last eighty years. In the terms stated under s 8(5) of the EDA is not seen to be providing a relevant contextual consideration under the FBTA Act (Edelman and Bant 2016). Under the sec 42, it has been stated that the primary judge erred to dismiss the different consideration under the 8(5) of theEDAAct. The honor was rightly considered to conclude on the consequence in the apparent legislations provided under 8(5) of theEDAAct (Hurley 2014). This was taken into consideration to confirm that the handouts from a fund such as trust find are seen to be structurally not have been considered to institution. This is further exempted from estate dutyconsiderations. A fund is considered to be separate from a body set up to manage the fund. Since, a fund shall not be considered in ordinary circumstance (McGregor-Lowndes 2015). The primary judgment was seen to be concluding that the he had no opinion on the feature of the ordinary meaning of a public benevolent institution. The various types of the terms which has been considered under the separate terms of the 57A(3)(b) of the FBTA Act is also seen to be providing no assistance for the judgment related to the c onsiderations stating whether an organization which principally raises moneys for munificent resolves can be a public benevolent institution. It is unclear how the legislature is chosen under the s57A (3) (b)and the several exemptions which are seen to be maintained for the employers. It cannot be inferred clearly whether an entity which is seen to be raising resources to be utilized by separate entity for the respite of hunger, which cannot be a public benevolent institution. In the section 44 the advancing exercise for the administration for the analogous extension in s 57A (1) is not considered (Sharkey and Murray 2015). The different type of the consideration for the analogies, it might be concluded that these extension was not crucial since an institution, which is mainly involved in fund raising, can in any event act as a public benevolent institution (Barker et al. 2017). The judgment of the court was appropriate because it has correctly rejected the contention of the court in relative to the meaning of the term public benevolent institution. The court has found no good reason that entity should dispense relief directly to be regarded as the PBI. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be said that there cannot be single definition or ordinary meaning of the Public Benevolent Institution. The PBI are the institutions that are engaged in the activity of providing relief in poverty and distress. The meaning of the term PBI is broad enough to encompass institutions that are providing relief to developing countries. Therefore, it can be said that the institution that are not directly engaged in the relief can also be regarded as PBI. It was concluded by the court that based on the facts it can be said that the HPA is a PBI. Reference Barker, K., Fairweather, K. and Grantham, R. eds., 2017.Private Law in the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. Bell, E., 2013. Judicial perspectives on statutory interpretation.Commonwealth Law Bulletin,39(2), pp.245-281. Edelman, J. and Bant, E., 2016.Unjust Enrichment. Bloomsbury Publishing. Friezer, M. and Wu, L., 2014. Taxation: Fund-raising can be enough: Not-for-profits as public benevolent institutions.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,1(4), p.68. Hedlund, R., 2016.Conscience and Unconscionability in English Equity(Doctoral dissertation, University of York). Hurley, T., 2014. Case notes: The latest from the high and federal courts.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,1(3), p.84. Hurley, T., 2014. Thomas Hurley case notes.Brief,41(7), p.43. Marks, D.W., 2013. Changing perpetuity periods and vesting dates.Tax Specialist,16(3), p.127. McGregor-Lowndes, M., 2015. The Australian Nonprofit Sector Legal Almanac 2014. Murray, I. and Martin, F., 2015. The Blossoming of Public Benevolent Institutions: From DirectProviders to Global Networks.Alternative Law Journal,40(1), pp.36-41. Naik, L. and Kohn, M., 2013. Test case clarifies PBI endorsement criteria.Keeping Good Companies,65(9), p.557. Norbury, M., 2014. Hunger Project Australia.Taxation in Australia,49(3), p.171. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Sharkey, N. and Murray, I., 2015. Reinventing administrative leadership in Australian taxation: beware the fine balance of social psychological and rule of law principles.Browser Download This Paper.