5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation with Numbers

5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation with Numbers 5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation with Numbers 5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation with Numbers By Mark Nichol The combination of numbers, spelled out or in numerical form, and hyphens is a volatile mixture that often confuses writers. Here are five sentences in which hyphens are erroneously inserted into constructions that do not require them, with explanations and corrections. 1. â€Å"Four-percent of adults may have ADHD.† There’s no reason to combine four and percent. The writer might have incorrectly extrapolated from the use of fractions in the same type of construction (â€Å"One-third of respondents agree with the statement†), but the sentence should read, â€Å"Four percent of adults may have ADHD.† 2. â€Å"Astronomers say an object five-times bigger than Jupiter is the first planet outside our solar system to be imaged.† The reference to the exoplanet’s magnitude of size in comparison to Jupiter requires no linking hyphen. The misunderstanding perhaps arises from the fact that â€Å"five times† modifies bigger, but bigger is an adjective, not a noun, and words combining to modify adjectives are not hyphenated. The correct form is â€Å"Astronomers say an object five times bigger than Jupiter is the first planet outside our solar system to be imaged.† 3. â€Å"This monk began his vow not to speak with a 2-1/2 year walk up the coast.† Writers often erroneously insert a hyphen between a whole number and a fraction in a mixed fraction. It’s not necessary, but it is required between the mixed fraction and the noun that follows when they combine to modify another noun, as in this example: â€Å"This monk began his vow not to speak by taking a 2 1/2-year walk up the coast.† (2 1/2 is considered a single element, so omit the intervening hyphen.) Note, too, the slight revision to eliminate the suggestion that the monk conversed with a 2 1/2-year walk up the coast. 4. â€Å"The electrified border, 10-feet-high, is to be completed across the border with India.† If this sentence used the phrase â€Å"10 feet high† as a modifier preceding â€Å"electrified fence† (â€Å"a 10-foot-high electrified fence†), the hyphens linking the elements as a unified description would be valid. But in a simple reference to physical dimensions, no hyphens are necessary: â€Å"The electrified fence, 10 feet high, is to be completed across the border with India.† 5. â€Å"You must have a keen sense of how to capture the attention of the 18-34 year-old news junkie.† This sentence tries to observe the basic rule about connecting the numbers in a range (preferably with an en dash rather than a hyphen) but errs in its failure to recognize the special case of suspensive hyphenation that overrules that usage. The sentence refers to a demographic cohort consisting of 18-year-old news junkies and 34-year-old news junkies and all news junkies in between. When using a range involving a number compound, elide most of the first element, retaining only the number (spelled out or in numeral form) and a hyphen, followed by a letter space: â€Å"You must have a keen sense of how to capture the attention of the 18- to 34-year-old news junkie.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

The Many Uses of Carbon Fiber

The Many Uses of Carbon Fiber In fiber reinforced composites, fiberglass is the workhorse of the industry. It is used in many applications and is very  competitive  with traditional materials such as wood, metal, and concrete. ​Fiberglass products are strong, lightweight, non-conductive, and the raw material costs of fiberglass are very low. In applications where there is a premium for increased strength, lower weight, or for cosmetics, then other more expensive reinforcing fibers are used in the FRP composite. Aramid fiber, such as DuPonts Kevlar, is used in an application that requires the high tensile strength which aramid provides. An example of this is body and vehicle armor, where layers of aramid reinforced composite can stop high powered rifle rounds, due in part to the high tensile strength of the fibers. Carbon fibers are used where low weight, high stiffness, high conductivity, or where the look of the carbon fiber weave desired. Carbon Fiber In Aerospace Aerospace and space were some of the first industries to adopt carbon fiber. The high modulus of carbon fiber makes it  suitable  structurally to replace alloys such as aluminum and titanium. The weight savings carbon fiber provides is the primary reason carbon fiber has been adopted by the aerospace industry. Every pound of weight savings can make a serious difference in fuel consumption, which is why Boeings new 787 Dreamliner has been the best-selling  passenger  plane in history. The majority of this planes structure is carbon fiber reinforced composites. Sporting Goods Recreational sports is another market segment which is more than willing to pay more for higher performance. Tennis rackets, golf clubs, softball bats, hockey sticks, and archery arrows and bows are all products commonly manufactured with carbon fiber reinforced composites. Lighter weight equipment without compromising strength is a distinct advantage in sports. For example, with a lighter weight tennis racket, one can get much faster racket speed, and ultimately, hit the ball harder and faster. Athletes continue to push for an advantage in equipment. This is why serious  bicyclists ride all carbon fiber bikes and use bicycle shoes that use carbon fiber. Wind Turbine Blades Although the majority of wind turbine blades uses fiberglass, on large blades (often over 150 ft in length) include a spare, which is a stiffening rib that runs the length of the blade. These components are often 100% carbon, and as thick as a few inches at the root of the blade. Carbon fiber is used to provide the  necessary  stiffness, without adding a tremendous amount of weight. This is important because the lighter a wind turbine blade is, the more efficient it is at creating  electricity. Automotive Mass-produced automobiles are not yet adopting carbon fiber; this is because of the increased raw material cost and  necessary  changes in tooling, still, outweighs the benefits. However, Formula 1, NASCAR, and high-end cars are using carbon fiber. In many cases, it is not because of the benefits of properties or weight, but because of the look. There are many aftermarket automotive parts being made out of carbon fiber, and instead of being painted, they are clear-coated. The distinct carbon fiber weave has become a symbol of hi-tech and hi-performance. In fact, it is common to see an aftermarket automotive component that is a single layer of carbon fiber but has multiple layers of fiberglass below to lower costs. This would be an example where the look of the carbon fiber is actually the deciding factor. Although these are some of the common uses of carbon fiber, many new applications are seen almost daily. The growth of carbon fiber is fast, and in just 5 years, this list will be much longer.

IF CURRENCY HEDGING IS SO BENEFICIAL, DO COMPANIES USE ALL HEDGING Essay

IF CURRENCY HEDGING IS SO BENEFICIAL, DO COMPANIES USE ALL HEDGING TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE - Essay Example cts of risks and portent losses in foreign exchange transactions, why has the ambit and scope of hedging not also been extended to other forms of speculative business, or even if it has, why is this that it has met only with a limited degree of success and accomplishment? The hedging strategy enables the investors/company to gain a clear understanding about the happening of the various events that may lead to loss of money for the investors. Foreign currency markets are considered to be very deep, relatively inexpensive and highly liquid where the fund managers are trying to manage their currency options in the foreign investment market. Currency hedging is the most frequently used approach used to manage the degree of risk that is involved in the foreign investment strategies. Research Hypothesis : Why degree of success of currency hedging cannot be derived from other types of non-currency losses or risks, given that in both cases, there is a great deal of monetary value involved in both speculative and currency transactions. That being said, it is necessary to first find out what are the relative advantages of using currency hedging during foreign exchange transactions. Currency hedging can be defined as â€Å"a particular  hedging  strategy  used to reduce  risks  in the foreign exchange market.†Ã‚   We shall consider for a brief moment that there is an importing company in Australia for wheat products, and similarly, there are exporters in London who are shipping the products to Australia. The Australian importing company is worried that if the value of GBP comes down, they would have to pay more for the purchase during future settlement. The current exchange rate is  £1 = AUS $ 1.7796. (Market rates, 2009). If the value of the GBP falls below 1.7796, he would have to pay more AUS $, and then incur losses. The currency exchange fluctuations may be minimal in the event of small transactions, but in the event the import business is for a few billion dollars,

Global Theological Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global Theological Analysis - Essay Example It has its origin in the eastern Mediterranean and rapidly grew in quantity and influence for several decades. By the fourth century, it had developed into a prominent religion within the Roman Empire. During the early part of the twenty-first century, statistics show that Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion followers. About one-third of the world's population is represented by Christianity and therefore is considered as the world's largest religion. Many countries around the world have made Christianity as their state religion. Among the adherents of Christianity, Christian theology has become an aspect of Christian doctrine where many have varied views and methodologies. This research report deals with global Christian theology from an evangelical perspective and looks into the nature and scope of theology. Furthermore, it identifies the factors that impact theological discourse. Dr. Alvah Hovey, the great Baptist theologian defined Christian theology as the "science of the Christian religion, or the science which ascertains, justifies, and systematizes all attainable truth concerning God and His relation, through Jesus Christ, to the universe and especially to mankind." (Hovey, pp. 14-16) "It is the science of God and divine things, based upon the revelation made to mankind in Jesus Christ and variously systematized within the Christian church" (Pope, p. 14) is the definition given by William Burton Pope. The Nature of Christian Theology Christian theology is also known as Dogmatics which is a branch of theological science that has its objectives of presenting in a systematic way the teachings of the Christian faith. The term theology comes from the two Greek words theos and logos. It indicated a discussion about God. Aristotle applied the term theology to his highest or first philosophy. The Greeks apply this term to their poets and their teachers which they honor. The term theology, therefore, maybe applied to an investigation which is systematic or scientific, of true or supposed sacred persons, things, or relations. If the subject matter pertains to that which is considered sacred then the term theology is used. Qualifying terms such as Christian or ethnic are used to make the term theology specific and definite. The Scope of Theology In order to understand a wide range of examination or research, the study of Christian theology must be stretched and put in an orderly and organized manner according to the main beliefs or philosophies regarded as foremost in the history of the Christian thought. Subjects which must be given consideration are as follows: God being the foundation, the theme, and the conclusion of all theology; Religion as the the agent which provides consciousness in man without which man cannot receive spiritual revelations; Revelation as a resource of facts wherein systematic theology is built upon; The relation of these facts to Jesus Christ , who is the Eternal Word and The Personal Word; The organization and development of theology in the church as the manifestation of the Christian life under the power of the Holy Spirit; and lastly, The relation of Christian theology to contemporary thought. A Brief History of Christian Theology Early Christian Theology Proofs of some of the earliest forms of reflection of the Christ

Losing Common Sense in a Sea of Technology Essay Example for Free

Losing Common Sense in a Sea of Technology Essay Technology has made miracles take place. Technology is an asset to our society. Things we could not do with our anatomical brains we can conjure up with a machine. With the answers to simple questions at fingertips with the availability of the internet, simple thought processes replaced with instant gratification. Critical thinking is almost extinct due to rapid response internet websites and databases. In today’s society, we depend on computers and technology to dictate schedules, lead meetings, and manage social lives. Therefore, ruing personal bonds, destroying critical and creative thinking, and losing common sense. The introduction of technology and computers on society has been beneficial in many areas, science having the biggest impact. For example, new radar technology will allow forecasters to see extreme weather, as will potential improvements to satellite technology, as well as computer models that run on powerful super computers. With these radars improved, more lives saved. â€Å"This will allow us to get to cover faster and be better prepared† (Lubchenco, Hayes 68). Another example of how technology has been beneficial to our society is in the medical field. Today many surgeries perform with the help of robots. Robotically assisted cardiac surgery presents less invasive than conventional surgery, with shortened hospital stays and faster return to daily activities (Krueger, Jones, Howell, etal. ) The largest benefit of technology is the easy and fast access that has come from the Internet. Almost any subject matter, research papers, and technical documents are available to anyone. Communication has also become much simpler using the Internet. Computers and the internet has become a staple in the American home. Not only are Americans conforming to an E-society, the rest of the world is too. This intention of this paper is not to discourage technology. Technology has done the unimaginable in societies here and abroad, perhaps technology has done too much. As we advance in the small gadgets and upgrade our systems to use the latest software, it is safe to say, we have become â€Å"addicted†. Because of this â€Å"addiction† or dependency on technology and computers, more and more people are flooding to their P. D. A’s or to their laptops to do simple everyday tasks; we should know how to do already. Anything from grocery shopping, booking a plane flight, depositing a paycheck, can be done over the internet from a personal computer, cell phone, or I Pad. Life as we know it is becoming a virtual reality within itself. We focus our addenda’s and our itineraries based around technology. Despite the positive impact technology has made on education, there are certainly areas that it poorly used. â€Å"The uncontrolled use of technology without examining its long-term benefits and potential problems is not something that should be allowed to happen in education. (Hodorowicz) For example, more and more often universities are moving toward â€Å"distant learning†, or online classes. â€Å"Nothing can replace the interactions between students and teachers. Once the process of learning from a fellow person has been automated to something mechanical many things will be lost† (Hodorowicz). Furthermore, automated grading loses the ability to see just where a student went wrong, or what the student was trying to achieve in an answer. Online courses remove the ability to deal with truly great teachers in a personal way, and it removes the ability to interact with other students. Automated education also hinders getting help when needed. It has been noted that with the use of computers and technology â€Å"education will no longer be an unpredictable and exciting adventure in human enlightenment, but an exercise in conformity and an apprenticeship to whatever gadgetry is useful in a technical world† (Schwarz). Technology has also been useful inside the home. yet, has been a key factor in the decline of stable, social relationships. Researchers are debating whether the Internet is improving or harming participation in community life and social relationships. This research examined the social and psychological impact of the Internet on 169 people in 73 households during their first 1 to 2 years on-line. We used longitudinal data to examine the effects of the Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. In this sample, the Internet was used extensively for communication. Nonetheless, greater use of the Internet was associated with declines in participants communication with family members in the household, declines in the size of their social circle, and increases in their depression and loneliness (Kraut, Patterson,Keisler,etal. . Virtual communities are becoming an ever-growing normality. With the social networks like Facebook and twitter comes the anonymous predators. † The Internet is populated by people with false identities, people with inaccurate information, people who express themselves quickly and with little reflection or sense of accountability† (Schwarz). New frauds and ill opportunities to drain ba nk accounts emerge daily; just an example of how we are coming adapt to the cyber world with our eyes wide open. We are losing what it means to be human and the morals that were once instilled. As stated earlier in this paper, this is not a paper of whether technology in our world today is right or wrong. This is a paper proving how our ethical values and use of common knowledge are becoming extinct because we allow computers to think for us. We are losing creativity to think â€Å"outside the box† with our learning becoming more of a mathematical equation than an experience. Relying too much on technology is what will lead to the extinction of man, maybe not of a species, but of an individual, rather than random avitar. Works Cited Schwarz, Gretchen.

A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest

Romantic Love in A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeare's plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Night's Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideology that Shakespeare puts forth. Naturally, one of the most reoccurring themes in Shakespeare is romantic love. It is perhaps not a coincidence that he put so much emphasis on this elusive and enigmatic emotion. In the Elizabethan age when he was writing, the arts were being explored more fervently, and thus raw human emotions began to surface in the mainstream culture. In Twelfth Night, love is a confusing and fickle thing, as demonstrated in the relationships between Duke Orsino and Olivia; Olivia and Viola/Curio; Malvolio and Olivia (she certainly has an effect on men doesn't she?); Duke Orsino and Viola/Curio. However, the characters seem to have a love-hate relationship with Cupid. Within the first line of the play, it is glorified: "If music be the food of love, play on..." (Duke Orsino, I:I). And while Olivia is annoyed with Orsino's affection, she craves Curio's. However, Shakespeare also picks on love. Not only did Malvolio's confusion about his and Olivia's relationship prove to add to the comedy, but it rather showed how one can play with love, and use it for another's harm. Apart from this example, love is depicted as a light and lovely emotion. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, love is used to cause misch... ...ok. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1992. 222-43. David, R. W., ed. Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost. London: Methuen, 1981. Davidson, Frank. "The Tempest: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225. Hillman, Richard   The Tempest as Romance and Anti-Romance Shakespeare Quarterly. 34 (1983), 426-432. Palmer, D.J. Shakespeare's Later Comedies: An Anthology of Modern Criticism. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971. Potter, Lois. Twelfth Night: Text & Performance. London: Macmillan, 1985. Schanzer, Ernest.   "_A Midsummer-Night's Dream."   26-31 in Kenneth Muir, ed. Shakespeare: The Comedies: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965. Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare. Edited Stephen Greenblatt et al. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.   

Customer impersonation Essay

Customer is not the entity that firm can claim to be. This is called as customer impersonation. Due to characteristic of cyberspace, impersonation can be the one risk for the e-tailer. In simple word, Customer and merchant cannot meet by face to face. Therefore, customer can use fake or others ID to purchase product. There are two reasons for fake customer to use other identity. The reasons are theft and malice. The objective behind theft is to buy the goods or service without the need of paying. Also the bill will be forwarded to whom ID is misused or abuse. In other words, the theft will use others details to purchase goods or service. The intention of malice is difference from the theft. Instead of acquiring goods of services without paying, also they have other motives such as intrinsic satisfaction to the hacker, to hurt corporation profits and customer relations of competitor or former employer.   Denial of service attacks Denial service attacks occur in a typical connection. When the user sends a message asking the server to authenticate it, the server returns the authentication approval to the user. The user acknowledges this approval, and is allowed onto the server. In a denial of service attack, the user sends several authentication requests to the server. All requests have false return addresses, so the server cannot find the user when it tries to send the authentication approval. The server waits, sometimes more than a minute, before closing the connection. When it does close the connection, the attacker sends a new batch of forged requests, and the process begins again–tying up the service indefinitely. Furthermore Denial-of-service attacks can essentially disable your computer or your network. Depending on the nature of your enterprise, this can effectively disable your organisation. Also some denial of service attacks can be executed with limited resources against a large, sophisticated site. This type of attack is sometimes called an â€Å"asymmetric attack. † For example, an attacker with an old PC and a slow modem may be able to disable much faster and more sophisticated machines or networks. Risk Associated with Business Transaction   Data interception Data interception is the serious risk related to e-business entity. Data can be intercepted during transmission from one point to another point. The following three risk has arisen in relation with data interception.   Massage Origin authentication This authentication is to make sure that the massage received is really from the party claimed to be the sender. This is important to prevent any customer impersonation take place. In this case this, travel. com. au has to make sure the massage sender is the legitimate user. This important in order to protect consumer from theft, also protect travel. com. au itself from any harmful activity caused by hacker. For example if in the case the goods or services has been purchased by the theft, then one possibility is that merchants need to written off that certain products. In order to support this, non-repudiation is use in electronic commerce as provision of â€Å"proof of origin†. Authentication techniques such as digital signatures, and other tools are available to prevent any impersonation.   Proof of delivery Proof of delivery is to make sure whether the intended massage has been received by recipient form the sender. If the massage were not received, the communication would be useless. For example if purchase request or product information request are intercepted, a company’s customer relations and profitability can be damaged. Moreover misunderstanding between travel. com. au and customer would occur, because customer might think their massage or order is not responded. In fact the massage or order never reach travel. com. au, because the massage or order is intercepted.   Massage Integrity & Unauthorised viewing of massage. It is important to be able to know if the massage sent is exactly same as the massage received. For example, for example if an order was tampered with, incorrect orders could be placed on the message sent to travel. com’s site, the incorrect goods may then be processed to be delivered to the intended recipient. 6. 0 Security System and Mechanism of Travel. com. au The risks, which are discussed in section 5. 0, are the main cause that makes customer to hesitate to shop over Online. To reduce risk level, travel. com. au employ latest security system in order to protect customer data and its business. The system includes:   Business Policy As stated on Travel. com.au site, it has tried its best to protect customer’s sensitive information. Moreover, travel. com. au also guarantee that they would not share the sensitive information with others. Although, from time to time, travel. com. au may provide statistical information about sales, trading patterns and information on navigation techniques to reputable third parties, this will not include any direct personal information, identifying you as our customer. This privacy policy is clearly stated on the its Web site. Its security policy, such as encryption technique it has adopted, is listed as well. As it is mentioned earlier, the operator has to follow the policy as stated. Travel. com. au has followed its policy and it is the one key influence to motivate the customer move into its Web site. See appendix for its entire business policy stated on Website.   SSL (security socket layer) This is the one that can secure data transmission. Information entered into SSL secured forms is encrypted by the customer’s browser. Then sent direct to secure server via SSL. Travel. com. au’s secure server then forwards the encrypted details to a private folder and/or via e-mail. Moreover, all information sent via secured forms is safer from eavesdropping, tampering or message forgery. When customer connect to a travel. com’s secure web server, customer ask that server to authenticate it. This authentication is quite a complex process involving public keys, private keys and a digital certificate. (http://www3. travel. com. au/everest/index. cgi)   Westpac secure payments This additional features is used to assured customer that travel. com. au is processing customer’s credit card details securely over the Internet using Westpac-accredited Internet payment security system. Using this kind of system show us that it considers the security of customer credit card details to be of prime importance. In addition, customer does not use Westpac credit card in order to utilise this secure service. Westpac secure payment provides the secure link between the online store and the bank. When customer enter credit card details online, the information is scrambled (or encrypted) and passed directly to Westpac, so that only the bank can read information. Even the trevel. com. au does not actually see customer credit card details. Customer Login Account These features only can be utilised by the member of travel.om. au. Customer must firstly register and activate a personal account to become a member. However, non-member can conduct any purchases as well. The registration process will provide the customer with an username for login purposes and a password for the account. Moreover, Information you provide is stored on its secure servers and is protected by its security mechanism.   Safe Trade SafeTrade is one of Australian largest Insurance Company. It will protect customer from fraudulent as a result of credit card purchasing on the Internet and also will guarantee the delivery of product. These tools can assure customer that if anything goes wrong, Safe Trade will cover the loss up to AUD $2,000. Although it had employed latest technology, the risk is still existing. As it is mentioned before, there is no e-business entity that is 100% secured. Therefore, constant security management is needed. The security management and some other methods, which it can utilise to enhance security level, will be discussed next section. 7. 0 Recommendation & Conclusion To increase security level of travel. com. au, there are few ways. That includes   Build up risk management system. Utilise latest security mechanism   Use third-party assurance services (Web Site Seal Option) The Risk Management Paradigm The paradigm is a continuous process that recognises that risk management is an ongoing annual or biannual event. Each risk nominally goes through these functions sequentially, but the activity occurs continuously, concurrently and iteratively throughout the project life cycle. (Greenstein, et. al, 2000) Figure 1, Risk Management Paradigm (Source: http://www. sei. cmu. edu) There are six functions related to risk management paradigm. Those are:Identify – search for and locate risks before they become problems.   Analyse – Transform risk data into decision-making information. Evaluate impact, probability, and timeframe, classify risks, and priorities risks Plans – Translate risk information into decisions and mitigating actions (both present and future) and implement those actions.   Monitor – Monitor risk indicators and mitigation actions   Control – Correct for deviations from the risk mitigation plans.   Communicate – Provide information and feedback internal and external to the project on the risk activities, current risks, and emerging risks

Four Functions of Management Essay

1.How does the planning function of management contribute to achieving organizational objectives within your chosen industry? Planning contributes to achieving organizational objectives by planning for goals provided for your industry and looking for ways to achieve those goals. Planning is beneficial for making more profits and for encouraging others to work hard. When you use the planning function it helps your industry become more organized which leads them to the next function and helps them focus on the right path to success. 2.How does the organizing function of management contribute to achieving organizational objectives within your chosen industry? Organizing contributes to achieving organizational objectives by decision making. It involves deciding who will be doing what and who will be in charge of which tasks. Being organized makes achieving those objectives so much easier rather than being unorganized and not knowing what’s going on and who is doing what. 3.How does the leading function of management contribute to achieving organizational objectives within your chosen industry? Leading contributes to achieving organizational objectives by giving associates a sense of motivation and inspiration. When associates are inspired and motivated they want to work harder which then leads to more positive outcomes in the industry. It is important to communicate when leading. 4.How does the controlling function of management contribute to achieving organizational objectives within your chosen industry? Controlling contributes to achieving organizational objectives simply by monitoring the path to achieving the goal and taking action when something doesn’t go as planned. When controlling you are basically setting the goals and making sure that these goals are achieved.

Free sample - NASA Skylab Investigation. translation missing

NASA Skylab Investigation. NASA Skylab InvestigationAbstract Since the human being reseeded in the international space station, there have been numerous researches involving microgravity of the universe. This kind of research could not be successful without the assistance of American first space station, that is, the Skylab. This paper will widely focus on the investigation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Skylab. It will attempt to focus on NASA investigation on the initial flight anomalies of the Skylab which occurred on May 14, 1973. The research will base on; how it happened, why it happened and how to reduce any form of possible failures. Additionally, the paper will uncover the individuals responsible for the fault and assess whether the situation was handled correctly or incorrectly. Introduction According to Feldman (26), Skylab was launched into the world orbit by a Saturn versus rocket on the 14th may 1973. On this day an anomaly occurred which lead to complete loss in the meteoroid shield that surrounded the orbital workshop. It is because of this anomaly that various crews visited Skylab where their come back was through an Apollo aircraft. The main objective of the Skylab was to prove that human beings could also live and survive in the outer space for long durations of time. It is evident that Skylab has continued to serve as the greatest microgravity lab, solar observatory of its time, medical lab, an earth investigation object and most essentially a home far a way from home. Since the implementation of the Skylab investigation, it is evident that there have been creations of new technologies, for instance special showers, exercising equipments, kitchen facilities and sleeping bags which were designed so as to fit in microgravity. The success geared to this experiment was based on the ability of different crews overcoming challenges during their stay in space (Shayler, 224). What is the NASA Skylab? Zimmerman (78) describes Skylab as the first United State space station and the second kind of space station to have been visited by human beings. The NASA which stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the only organization that has been involved in the launching of this space station. The one hundred ton space station existed in the world orbit from the year 1973 to 1979 and it had been visited by three different crews in these two years. NASA through Skylab has greatly focused on ensuring that it tries to understand the earth through clearly observing the systems revolving within it. Through its constant explorations on the solar system it has been able to advance on new robotics missions that have seen the growth of new horizon in the class of researches involving the earth (NASA, 2). Based on the background associated to this space station, its origin has been difficult to point out due to the fact that there have been several proposals that the NASA had floated before engaging in the launching of Skylab (NASA, 3).   There have been numerous studies carried out by the NASA organization so as to find the ultimate platform that will be effective for the Skylab. What was the possible cause and result of the flight anomaly? Investigation indicated that the possible cause of anomaly in the flight was due to the fact that the meteoroid shield broke up because the aerodynamic loads had not been accounted for in the design of the flight. The ties that normally secure the solar system within the workshop were broken down as a result of the breaking up of the meteoroid shield.   From this whole effect there was significant loss of the solar system that only took a matter of ten minutes (Wade, 425). It is very evident that lack of professionalism widely contributed to the anomalies within the flight. This is based on the fact that there was no communication among the structural design, manufacturing personnel and aerodynamics. This lack of communication greatly contributed to deficiencies in the designs of the flight meteoroid shield.   Failure of communication toward the flight project highly attributed to the absence of sound techniques over a certain period of time. Of the various stated reasons for the failures of the meteoroid, the most significant identified reason was that of interior pressurization of the flight auxiliary tunnel which caused meteoroid to shield away form the casing of the workshop.   The pressurization within the supplementary tunnel was observed due to the existence of various openings in the astern part of the tunnel (Skylab space station, 210). What are the possible applicable corrective actions towards this flight anomaly? It is important that if back up OWS or analogous spacecraft is to be flown in the near future corrective action should be undertaken. For instance, it could be helpful if the meteoroid was done away with and significantly replaced through the coating of the OWS (orbital workshop) to ensure that there is effective thermal control. Additionally, it is important that protection remain a fundamental factor which will ensure that the board remains attracted to the concept of fixing a non deployable shield (Zimmerman, 80). Hoffman (215) observes that in order to ensure that there is reduction of separation failures such as those of second separation stage, it is important that there are shaped linearly. It is with accordance that structural systems are associated to other mechanisms, components or equipments so as to ensure that a piece of structure does not solely depend on the structure organization. Complex and multi –disciplinary systems should have a designate project engineer whose mandate   will be to ensure that all aspects involving analysis, fabrication, assembly, design and test of the flight are properly observed and undertaken. Corrective measures so as to avoid future predicaments as the ones in flight anomaly are first to ensure that there should be effective management systems to be used within the Skylab workshop.   These overall management systems should be fully operational within the workshop so as to avoid conflicts or inconsistencies as observed in the flight anomaly (Kraft, 127). It is very important that there is significant cross fertilizations between broadened experienced engineers so as to assist in the analysis on the initial flight anomalies. How can we reduce or do away with possibility of failure? As stated in the program objectives that is; to conduct effective research on certain earth resources. It is very evident that effective research is carried out so as to understand what can be done so as to avoid anomalies which often result due to lack of knowledge by the concerned engineers (Suszkowski, 230). It is essential that one effectively studies the effects which are normally associated to weightlessness on living objects such as human beings. It is very evident that Skylab tries to utilize man as an engineer and as individual who is concerned in the research. By so doing it ensures that it provides an equal opportunity or chance in the assessment of one potential capability for prospect space missions (Thomas, 12). Cross fertilization between the different bridges of engineers is important since there is exchange of ideas which are likely to reduce possible failures. Ideas can range from those involving the design of the flight, operations within the flight and analysis that will widely study the flight (Johnson, 25). Another crucial step is that of ensuring all involved engineers are familiarized with the actual hardware especially the one that will ensure that there is productive usage of the flight data. It is good when one is able to establish a chief engineer who will be able to spend ample time in the restrained integration of all the elements described within the flight system. Summary and recommendation From the discussion above it can be strongly affirmed that the anomalies within the flight that occurred on 14th may 1973 was widely attributed by the negligence of several individuals. Before embarking on such an important mission it is very important that one assembles all the required elements that will ensure that the whole project becomes a success. Success is achieved through ensuring concerned individuals are able to accept to be accountable should there be any problem that might a raise (Lindsay, 30). As part of recommendation, it is very essential that a simple and straight forward solution toward these problems is designed so as to minimize incidences like this repeating in the near future. For instance, it is noted that meteoroid flux should be lower as compared to the ones indicated in the calculations. It is very essential that new analyses are incorporated so that maximum protection is achieved. It is good that there is an establishment of a bond between additional metal layer and the OWS wall so as to prevent handling the problem as that involving statistics. This can be achieved through ensuring that the entire covering of OWS is not covered (Kraft, 126). It is essential researchers should further their studies on the effects normally associated with weightlessness of living objects such as human beings. It is very evident that Skylab tries to utilize man as an engineer and as individual who is concerned in the research. By so doing it ensures that it provides an equal opportunity or chance in the assessment of one potential capability for prospect space missions. Feldman, Heather. Skylab: The First American Space Station. New York: PowerKids Press, 2003. Pp 24-27. Shayler, David. Skylab: America's space station. London: Springer, 2001. Pp 221-226. Zimmerman, Robert. Leaving earth: space stations, rival superpowers, and the quest for interplanetary travel. Washington, DC: Henry, 2003. Pp74-80. NASA. NASA Investigation Board Report on the Initial Flight Anomalies of Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 6 Aug. 2003   Thomas, Frieling. "Skylab B: Unflown Missions, Lost Opportunities". Quest, 5.4 (1996): 12. Wade, Mark. "World Manned Spacecraft Characteristics." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 34.1 (1981): 425. Lindsay, Hamish. Tracking Apollo to the moon.   New York: Springer, 2001.   Pp 21-43. Skylab space station. 18 Nov. 2010. Web. 2010 Suszkowski, Daniel. â€Å"Skylab Investigation.† ICES Journal of the Marine, 7. 3 (1998): 205-213. Hoffman, Rudolf. â€Å"Visual Light Flash Observations on Skylab 4†. ICES Journal of the Marine, 32. 5 (2006): 212-234. Johnson, Lyndon. Skylab EREP investigations summary (NASA SP). New York: Springer, 2001. Pp 21-33.

How to Speak Shakespearean Verse

How to Speak Shakespearean Verse We start with a practical approach to an old question: how do you speak Shakespearian verse? Bring Shakespeare to life in the classroom and drama studio with the understanding that Shakespeare wrote his plays in verse. This poetic framework not only gives characters a structured speech pattern but enhanced authority. What Is Verse? Unlike modern plays, Shakespeare and his contemporaries wrote plays in verse. This is a poetic framework that gives characters a structured speech pattern and enhances their authority. Typically, Shakespeare’s verse is written in lines of ten syllables, with an ‘unstress-stress’ pattern. The stress is naturally on the even-numbered syllables. For example, take a look at the first line of Twelfth Night: If mu- / -sic be / the food / of love, / play onba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM / ba- BUM However, verse isn’t spoken continuously in Shakespeare’s plays. Generally, characters of higher status speak verse (whether they are magical or aristocratic), especially if they are thinking aloud or expressing their passions. So it would follow that characters of low status don’t speak in verse – they speak in prose. The easiest way to tell whether a speech is written in verse or prose is to look at how the text is presented on the page. Verse doesn’t go to the edge of the page, whereas prose does. This is because of the ten syllables to a line structure. Workshop: Verse Speaking Exercises Choose a lengthy speech by any character in a Shakespeare play and read it aloud whilst walking around. Physically change direction every time you reach a comma, colon or full stop. This will force you to see that each clause in a sentence suggests a new thought or idea for your character.Repeat this exercise, but instead of changing direction, say the words â€Å"comma† and â€Å"full stop† out loud when you get to the punctuation. This exercise helps heighten your awareness of where there is punctuation in your speech and what its purpose is.Using the same text, take a pen and underline what you think are the natural stress words. If you spot an often repeated word, underline that as well. Then practice speaking the text with an emphasis on these key stress words.Using the same speech, speak it aloud forcing yourself to make a physical gesture on every single word. This gesture can be clearly connected to the word (for example a finger point on â€Å"him†) or c an be more abstract. This exercise helps you to value every word in the text, but again it will make you prioritize the correct stresses because you will naturally gesture more when saying keywords. Finally and above all, keep speaking the words aloud and enjoying the physical act of speech. This enjoyment is the key to all good verse speaking. Performance Tips Always use the punctuation in order to discover the natural places to pause or breathe when speaking verse. A common mistake is to always pause for breath at the end of a line. As Shakespeare often writes sentences that go across lines, this tendency to breath at the end of the line will distort the meaning and create an unnatural intonation.Be aware of the natural stress rhythms in the verse but don’t allow them to dominate your delivery of the line. Instead look at the line in its entirety and decide where your stress should go.Listen to the beautiful imagery and poetic elements of the verse and close your eyes when saying the words. Allow the imagery to form pictures in your mind. This will help you find meaning and substance in your lines. If you connect imaginatively with the language, you will naturally speak the words more effectively.Listen carefully to the colliding rhythms and sounds in Shakespeare’s verse. Often repeated words, harmonic sounds, and clashing s ounds help you to understand Shakespeare’s intentions and the motivations of your character. Obviously, use a dictionary if the context doesn’t present you with the meaning of a word you say. Not knowing the meaning of one of your words can be a problem. If you don’t know what it means, the chances are the audience won’t either!

Market assessment, planning and strategy of Apple Inc Essay

Market assessment, planning and strategy of Apple Inc - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Apple. It was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in California in 1976 as a micro-computer manufacturer. The following year the company was incorporated and released one of the first commercially successful personal computers, the Apple II. In 1984, the company released the Macintosh, which changed the computing world with its revolutionary graphical user interface. Following the success of these two products in the market, Apple had its IPO in1984. In 2001, the company changed from being a personal computer manufacturer to a consumer electronics company. Today, the company designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Apple Inc. has a worldwide presence and sells its products globally through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. Between 1994 and 1997, the company experienced record-low stock prices and severe financial losses, a scenario that only begun to be corrected with the re-instatement of Steve Jobs as the CEO in July 1997. Currently, the company boasts of being the most valuable company in the world with one share valued at US$ 598.35, net sales in 2011 of US$ 108.6 billion and free cash flow of US$ 33.27 billion. As at September 2011, Apple has a workforce of 63,300 employees.... The company’s obsession with excellence means that it only participates in markets where it can have a significant contribution (Chaffin, 2009). For this reason, Apple Inc. believes in focusing on few projects at any given time. With this mission statement, Apple categorizes its customers into three segments: consumer, small and mid-sized businesses; education; and enterprise and government. The company believes in giving its customers a high quality buying experience, therefore, in its major markets Apple sells many of its products and third-party products directly to consumers and businesses through its retail and online stores. In other markets, the company invests in programs to enhance reseller sales by placing high quality Apple fixtures, merchandising materials and other resources within those locations (Apple, 2011). To better meet the needs of its global market, Apple’s business is divided geographically into the Americas (North and South America), Europe ( Europe, Middle East and Africa), Japan, Asia-Pacific (Australia and Asia) and Retail (Apple-owned retail sales globally). Examination of the Market Environment Cooperative environment With the introduction of services such as iTunes Store, iBookstore, App Store, Mac App Store and iCloud, Apple moved from being merely a product manufacturer and seller to providing a platform that supports different business ecosystems. For example, the iBookstore supports the eBook business that comprises of authors, publishers and customers. In fact, in 2009 Apple came up with a new type of pricing strategy in the eBooks industry that shifted pricing power from the retailers to the publisher. Under the iBookstore agency model,